Instrumentalism Theories

Instrumentalism Theories Introduction. The course which I teach within is to prepare new employees for working within a manufacturing environment within a highly regulated industry. All learners are required to show competence on a range of skills ranging from health and safety through to industry specific manufacturing skills. The qualifications may be in the form of a National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) or in an industry specific internal training event. Learners ages will range from 19 to 55 and they will come from a wide range of employment backgrounds such as retail, construction or other industrial roles. Ideologies and Theories of Learning. As identified by Scrimshaw (1983) cited by Armstrong et al (2003), â€Å"Instrumentalism: a curriculum delivering a specific product such as the development of a skilled workforce.† The instrumental curriculum is focused on practical skills and is teacher led. This is only one of five educational ideologies identified but is the one most comparable with the course that I teach. (Should I list the others) Curriculum Models. The closest match for my course is the ‘Product model for curriculum development which is closely associated with Ralph Tyler (1971) cited by Armitage et al (2003). Neary (2002) describes the product model as a curriculum which has been entirely designed around the meeting of clear objectives. My course has clear aims and expected outcomes to which methods of learning and assessment are clearly mapped. The evaluation methods are designed to identify any shortfall and for corrections to be made to enable learners to meet the objectives that have been set. As the expected outcomes are clear from the outset it allows for clear design of content and also ensures an accurate and fair assessment process. However as the course structure is rigid it limits creativity both for lesson design but also for learner activities. However as with most models applied to an actual teaching environment there is an element of overlap with one or more of the models identified by Smith (1996, 2000) www.infed.org/biblio/b-curric.htm . Although the ‘Product model is the main influence on my course the ‘Process model must still be a consideration as it is designed around how individuals learn and focuses on teacher and learner activities. By acknowledging the ‘Process model it allows an emphasis to be placed on the learners current and prior experiences. The context of the course will impact substantially on curriculum design, delivery, assessment and evaluation, my own teaching philosophy and profession values will have an effect on the course delivery. As my course is influenced by an instrumentalist ideology and using the ‘Product model for the design the links with behaviourism can clearly be seen; however as previously mentioned this is an over simplification as I do consider the other learning theories and do take a cognitive approach. Critical reflection. As previously recognised there are elements of the ‘Process model within my programmes curriculum; however I feel that it relates most closely to the ‘Product model as the objectives are clearly defined from the outset. To analyse the effectiveness of this model I shall answer the questions set by Tyler (1971) as cited in Armitage et al (2003:201), â€Å"which, he claims, must be answered when developing any curriculum†. 1. What are your curriculum aims and objectives? 2. Which learning experiences meet these aims and objectives? 3. How can these learning experiences be organised into a curriculum programme. 4. How can this programme be evaluated. 1. What are your curriculum aims and objectives? The aim of my programme curriculum is to deliver the necessary learning to satisfy our external regulators and to meet the skills and capabilities required by AWE plc. To meet the requirements of our external regulators we must demonstrate competence in the following element. * General safety. * Mandatory safety * Role specific. 2. Which learning experiences meet these aims and objectives? 2.1 General Safety. This element is delivered by theory based classroom sessions that will include practical tasks where appropriate. 2.2. Mandatory Safety. Delivered as a series of theory lessons and practical tasks within a simulated work environment. 2.3. Role specific. Training delivered in the work area by subject matter experts. 3. How can these learning experiences be organised into a curriculum programme.

Starting a Business vs Franchise

Explain the differences of establishing a business from scratch and setting up a franchise. Evaluate the success of franchises in Australia (refer to examples). There are significant differences between establishing a new business and setting up a franchise. Starting a business from scratch often takes a long time and a large amount of capital to accomplish, but the rewards can be substantial. A franchise is a business that is licensed to trade under a recognised brand name for payment of a fee (e. g. McDonalds, 7-11, etc). A franchisee purchases the franchise from the franchisor and operates under their name while paying fees. The factors involved in choosing one of these two options differ considerably and include the amount of risk, cost, operations and reputation. Establishing a new business involves the highest amount of risk due to the entrepreneur being solely responsible for everything that occurs in the business. In addition, there is a significant threat of failure for any new business which can result in huge losses for the business owner. Without a previous business reputation, it may prove difficult for entrepreneurs to secure finance which in effect significantly limits their access to funds to pay for establishment costs. Starting a new business gives the owner greater control over all key decisions and operations, as a result allowing the owner to set up the business exactly how they wish. Establishing a reputation for a new business is a slow process since a customer base and marketing campaign needs to be developed to generate sufficient sales for the firm. As a result, a new business will experience a slow growth in profits and may not be able to achieve a high level of profits at the start. Setting up a franchise presents the lowest risk due to already being established and generally selling widely recognised products. The costs associated in purchasing a franchise vary significantly depending on a number of factors such as type and size. Due to the general success of a franchise, it is much easier for a franchisee to obtain finance. However, franchisees must pay ongoing costs such as royalties to the franchisor which may lead to a reduction in overall profits. Setting up a franchise heavily restricts the owners control over business operations which prevents them from making their own decisions. This is due to the fact that the franchisor has total control over the business operations and ultimately determines how the owner runs the franchise. It is also much easier for a franchisee to generate sales due to the widely established reputation of the franchise and the products sold may already be advertised and marketed by the franchisor. Most franchises have been extremely successful in Australia and have become the fastest growing area of small business – in 2004 there were approximately 850 franchise operations in Australia. Franchises such as Gloria Jeans and Jims Mowing have grown tremendously in the past few years – between 1999 and 2004, the number of franchises grew by 25%. This is due to the effective business formula, well-recognised name and established trademarks of franchises which have attracted numerous investors in Australia. Another reason regarding the enormous of franchises in Australia is the fact that most of them offer comprehensive training and support to franchisees. For example, McDonald’s provide franchisees with uniforms, staff training packages, the ingredients and equipment for production and conducts extensive advertising on their behalf. As the success of franchises continues to grow in Australia, it is becoming an attractive option for many potential entrepreneurs in starting a business.

Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Cheap Term Paper Writing Service Is Wrong and What You Should Know

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Conflicting Perspectives Essay - 2065 Words

What is your understanding of â€Å" truth† after your study of conflicting perspectives and their representation? The notion of truth being a defined reasoning and represented as a one sided argument is unmistakably how most audiences visualize it. The concept cannot be interpreted in such close mindedness, as to tell the truth is to speak what appears â€Å"truthful† to â€Å"you†. Conflicting perspectives arise when the visualization of how feasible or veracious something is differs between individuals. The controversy surrounding Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath, contentious poets of the twenty first century portray their own reality through their semi-confessional poetry. Sylvia Plath frequently extends her cereal obsession with her dead father as†¦show more content†¦Attempting to purge him self of all blame, supporting his own twisted reality, this particular poem seems only to deny him that privilege. Taunting and provoking Plath, Hughes puts himself up on a pedestal of contentment. Throughout The Birthday Letters Hughes renders Plath’s death inexorable, claiming to be a bystander unable to prevent her attraction to the grave. A minotaur, in Greek mythology is a half man half bull creature that feeds on the flesh it finds within its labyrinth. Hughes metaphorically describes Plath’s slipping into madness as entering a labyrinth, implying that she would never get out and that ‘death’ was looming on her from around every corner. The poets use of sparse punctuality and enjambment make the poem fast paced and audibly interesting while Hughes uses sharp wit and sarcasm to tie Plath’s fury to her unconventional personality and not his tardiness. The final stanza places strong emphasis on use of personal pronoun â€Å"your mother†, â€Å"your risen father† and â€Å"your own corpse† show an accusatory, forceful tone. The juxtaposition of â€Å"Grave of your risen father† seems to foreshadow Plath’s own unavoidable downfall. Colours signify shift in moods, feelings and beliefs. White denotes purity, humility and marriage. Blue conveys trust, tranquillity and harmony. Red represents all things intense and passionate. It is no surprise then as to why Hughes titled one of his works after this symbolism.Show MoreRelatedConflicting Perspectives1458 Words   |  6 PagesThesaurus definitions for: * Conflict * Perspective * Formed/shaped * outcome HATSUE AND ISHMAEL’S PERSPECTIVES ON WORLD WAR 2 Throughout our lives we take on certain views on events, situations and people in our lives. These are formed from the positive or negative outcomes of experiences that we encounter. Society’s views on certain issues and the views of those around us influence the outcomes of those experiences. David Guterson’s novel, â€Å"Snow Falling on Cedars† and Shaun TanRead MoreConflicting Perspectives1001 Words   |  5 Pages‘Conflicting perspectives are the result of individual desires. Manipulation and distortion are used in the attempt to achieve a desired end.’ The notion of â€Å"Conflicting Perspectives† embodies a clash of opposing viewpoints and accepts that different people will always have different perspectives of themselves, others and the world around them. A clash of viewpoints, stemming from individuals seeking to affirm the correctness of their perspective over those put forward by others regardless of theirRead MoreConflicting Perspectives1173 Words   |  5 Pages Conflicting Perspectives The question of representation and meaning when it comes to artistic works of any sort many seem a simple question and answer to many people but the answers are actually elusive and the question itself is quite likely specious and misleading on its face. This text will examine why this is likely to be the case. Piss Christ A good example would be the cross that Jesus is depicted as being crucified upon. Prior to that point, crucifixion was a common death penaltyRead MoreConflicting Perspectives - Hughes1429 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the concept of conflicting perspectives. The audience can see that there is a great deal of ubiquity in relation to Conflicting Perspectives. Ted Hughes’ poetry gives his account of a tumultuous part of his life whilst Christine Jeff’s film portrays a different point of view than that given by Hughes’. It is through looking at Salinger’s novel, that the role of the authorial voice in contrast to the protagonists can create a conflicting perspective between the protagonist and theRead MoreConflicting Perspectives Speech Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesThe notion of â€Å"Conflicting Perspectives† embodies a clash of opposing viewpoints and accepts that different people will always have different perspectives of themselves, other s and the world around them. A clash of viewpoints, stemming from individuals seeking to affirm the correctness of their perspective over those put forward by others regardless of their perceptions gives rise to â€Å"Conflicting Perspectives†. Having a proper understanding of both perspectives or sides displayed on a topic, oneRead MoreConflicting Perspectives-to Kill a Mockingbird785 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of conflicting perspectives is consistently present in Harper Lees’ novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The text asks questions about current trends in society and the attitudes that cause people to ‘act like sheep† and conform while also expressing the need for individuality. It also brings into question the way the judicial system should be beyond reproach no matter what man is on trial, whether they be white or black. In a similar manner it also shows changing attitudes in regards to racismRead MoreTed Hughes conflicting perspectives1230 Words à ‚  |  5 Pagesï » ¿Conflicting Perspectives Essay Composers deliberately manipulate conflicting perspectives in order to achieve their purpose. This may be a unanimous truth amongst composers whether it is to attract sympathy, inform the responder, or to make a comment on the functioning and morality of society. In order to achieve their purpose, composers deliberately manipulate responder’s conflicting perspectives so that they will have the same perspective as them. Ted Hughes utilises the subjective nature ofRead MoreConflicting Perspectives Julius Caesar1435 Words   |  6 PagesConflicting Perspectives – Julius Caesar Personalities, events or situations often elicit conflicting perspectives. To what extent has textual form shaped your understanding of conflicting perspectives. In your response, make detailed reference to your prescribed text and one other text of your own choosing. Conflicting perspectives are often the outcome of diverse and contrasting views of ones personality, event or situation. This is evident is the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, asRead MoreConflicting Perspectives Julius Caesar2413 Words   |  10 PagesConflicting perspectives are the direct result of bias or self-interest as people are always quick to enforce the correctness of their perspective over those of others, by contrasting their perspectives with others, they seek to advantage their own point of view opposed to the viewpoints of others. Conflicting perspectives are caused by bias, or prejudice, and self-interest from a person, event or situation that is encountered. William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar and Philadelphia (1993), writtenRead MoreConflicting Perspectives of the Ideal Family Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome more specialised and unlike the pre-industrial societies. However, his belief that it’s remaining functions is ‘basic an d irreducible’ (Haralamos and Holborn p470). On the other hand, there are some weaknesses associated the functionalist perspective on the family. The ‘first is that they ignore the dark side of the family’ (McGraw-Hill . (2004),for example, conflict between husband and wife, child abuse and male dominance etc. They also pay less attention on the harmful effects the family may

Renewable Energy Rural Areas Of China - 1520 Words

Renewable Energy in Rural areas of China Introduction Currently , the development of renewable energy resources , reduce consumption of fossil energy , environmental protection and mitigation of global warming has become a common sense of every country in the world. Despite China as a developing country and its historically low emissions, China faces international pressure to control its carbon emissions, which China is already the world s largest carbon emitter, sharing 29% of global carbon emission in 2013 (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2014). Moreover, the demand and consumption is relatively high in the next decades (BP, 2015). China is a large agricultural country, around half of the population live in rural areas.†¦show more content†¦Energy reduction and energy efficiency policy has become a national priority for the Chinese government. Renewable energy development in rural areas plays a significant role in promoting this national policy. Renewable energy development in rural places is not only the urgent needs of the majority of farmers , but also to target the national strategic objectives, to achieve sustainable development. 1. The current situation of energy demand /consumption in rural places The energy supply and demand in rural places has been basically improved, but from the well-off level of energy demand is still a wide gap. In the proceeding decades, the annul increasing rate of energy demand in rural places is 11%, compared to 5% in urban area. However, About 50% of Chinese rural households still depend heavily on traditional firewood for heating and cooking, the overall energy efficiency less than 25% which means huge potential to improve. (Ministry of Agriculture of China). According to the China`s energy policy, The energy demand of rural areas will be greatly enhanced in next decades. 2. It is necessary to increase the clean , high-quality energy supply in rural places whether it is from a structural shortage of energy resources, or from sustainable economic development, the construction of energy system in rural places can not continue past development model. Renewable energy, such as photovoltaic and solar water heating, can significantly improve the livelihood

Affirmative Action As A Means To Diversify The U.S. Workforce Free Essays

In the USA, federal affirmative action regulations are supplemented by state and municipal laws and ordinances. Furthermore, the laws that constrain affirmative action in the workplace are related but not identical to those that control affirmative action in university and college admissions. At the federal level, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) are responsible for most equal opportunity and affirmative action regulations and enforcement. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action As A Means To Diversify The U.S. Workforce or any similar topic only for you Order Now When considering the effects of affirmative action, the interests of various stakeholders must be taken into account. The primary stakeholders are the target groups, other non-target groups, organizations that have affirmative action plans (AAPs) and society at large. The phrase ‘effects of’ implies a causal relation. However, causal conclusions can rarely be drawn in affirmative-action research because scholars cannot control whether organizations have AAPs or the dimensions (e.g. race and gender) that determine who is targeted by those plans. The purpose of affirmative action is to improve the outcomes of target groups. Research indicates that the size and even the existence of demonstrated benefits on employment have varied across time, location, target group and job level (Holzer and Neumark 2000; Smith 2001). In addition, minority status (African American or Hispanic) contributes to college and university admission only among the most selective institutions, where it increases the probability of admission by up to 10 per cent (Kane 1998). Among African Americans, admission to such selective colleges and universities is associated with an increased probability of graduation, post-baccalaureate education and professional success (Bowen and Bok 1998). On the other hand, the use of affirmative action in the USA is associated with decreased employment outcomes for white males (Holzer and Neumark 1999, 2000). The relative paucity of ‘reverse discrimination’ charges filed with the EEOC suggests that these effects are due primarily to the elimination of the privileges often enjoyed by white males rather than to the use of strong preferences for female or minority applicants. Because elite universities reject so many whites and accept so few minority students, the negative impact of affirmative action on white applicants is quite small (Kane 1998). On a broader scale, the long-term effect of having a diverse student body appears to be positive for all groups and for society as a whole. Diversity in higher education is associated with individual changes in attitudes and abilities that enhance participation and success in an increasingly diverse democratic society (Bowen and Bok 1998; Gurin et al 2004). Opponents of affirmative action argue that workplace AAPs depress the performance of organizations, which are forced to hire less competent employees. Supporters argue that affirmative action improves organizational performance by eliminating economically inefficient discrimination and increasing workforce diversity. Research finds that organizations that use affirmative action in selection tend to hire minority individuals whose educational credentials are slightly lower than those of their white male hires. However, this difference in education does not lead to a corresponding difference in performance, perhaps because these organizations have developed superior human resource practices that enable them to identify high potential individuals and improve their capacities after they are hired. In short, workplace affirmative action does not appear to have a substantial effect, either positive or negative, on organizational performance (Holzer and Neumark 1999, 2000). An important question is whether individuals who are selected in the context of an AAP are stigmatized by others. The discounting principle of attribution theory suggests that one’s confidence in the importance of a potential cause is lower when other plausible causes are available. For example, if a Hispanic man is hired by an organization with an AAP, two plausible causes for his selection are competence and ethnicity. But if the organization does not have an AAP or if the new hire is a white male, the remaining plausible cause for selection is competence. Ratings of the new hire’s competence would therefore be lower when he or she is a target group member than in other situations. Experimental research finds precisely this effect. This stigmatization can be eliminated by providing unequivocal evidence of the new hire’s competence, but it is not eliminated by ambiguous evidence of competence (Heilman et al. 1998). Given the continued prevalence of negative stereotypes of racial minorities, along with the common assumption that affirmative action involves preferential selection, it is likely that stigmatization is relatively common. Although most research on stigmatization has focused on the workplace, the same logic applies to college and university admissions. Virtually all research in this area has been limited to evaluations of paper stimuli; the extent to which such stigmatization is maintained in the context of workplace interactions is unclear. How to cite Affirmative Action As A Means To Diversify The U.S. Workforce, Papers

Digital Health Innovation for Consumers

Question: Discuss about the Digital Health Innovation for Consumers. Answer: Introduction: My Health Record is a very new proposal that has been laid down by the eminent researchers working under the Australian Digital Health Agency by the Australian government. It is suggested by them that My Health Record will mainly act as an online portal which will contain all the health related information of each and every individual of Australia. This is mainly done with an intention to acquire the health information of citizens to have a detailed idea about the various kind of diseases and disorders they are facing, what kind of treatments they are opting to for their betterment, what kind of plans and procedures are taken by the hospitals, their admission details, their discharge details, details of the treatment conducted and many more. It is also believed that the government will try to gain information from this portal in order to understand the working techniques of both the private and governmental hospitals, the total charges for the patients, whether they are costing since rely, the major diseases that are affecting humans, the interventions and policy changes that they require to undertake and so on (Kraan et al., 2015). The government believes that with the health records if properly maintained by the citizens and the healthcare centers in turn will help in developing better options in healthcare. However, it becomes extremely important for critically analyzing the problems, capabilities and also benefits of the new venture before the government introduces it to the nation. This will help the government in properly utilizing the approved fund so that the fund is not wasted on a failed project. The report will mainly highlight three important domain s of the problems, capabilities and the benefits that the project will experience so that one can develop an idea about how the project will excel in Australia. A large number of problems are expected to arise from the present mode of online portal for keeping records. The first would include the lack of education and financial strength of low socioeconomic classes to register themselves and maintain their records on the portal. This may be due to their inability to handle digital media or may be their inability to afford such mediums. This may in turn lead to improper collection of data that may hamper the statistical study and data analysis that the government aims to perform (Chow et al., 2016). Another issue that may also arise is the discrepancy which might be followed by healthcare sectors while uploading their data for any concealing of documents concerning financial information will not be able to be judges properly. Therefore, unnecessary healthcare costs if charged by hospital sectors may not come under governmental scrutiny. This ultimately leads to the failure of the main mission of the government. Moreover other issue may also a rise like many patients may update certain portions of their medical records without continuing their updates for certain period of time. This inconsistency in their updates may not only hamper the hospitals from critically analyzing the health of the patient but might also affect the government while conducting their surveys and taking suitable steps (Bhimdhim, Hawkey Trevena, 2015). Moreover, privacy concerns always play a great role while establishing any online portals or applications as cyber crimes are seen to increase in rate every year. Capabilities: In order to describe about the capabilities, one can explain the positive results that it tends to bring out from differ regions of Australia. As the application will be online, it will have the capability to reach each and every corner of Australia and therefore connecting with every such individual and gathering their data would become not only easier and also would be cheap (Miyamoto et al., 2016). Moreover it would also help in many older citizens to upload their details as they may not have the mobility power to reach hospitals and similar sectors (Hemsley et al., 2017). It would have the capability for the government to manage its resources effectively rightfully tackling the health equity and efficiency provided by them. It will also have the ability to judge whether the requirement of a patient is a demand or a need and this will indirectly help the government to understand whether the resources are effectively used. Therefore the health record application will mainly help th e government in monitoring each and every record of the patients and also of the healthcare sectors so that concrete decisions can be taken by the government while evaluating heath of its nation and suggesting policies for them. It also helps the hospitals to showcase their names and also explain the care that they give in order to increase their patient base (Neubeck et al., 2015). Moreover as they are providing information to patients over internet, they tend to save more resources and time which would not have been possible in one to one patent doctor meetings. Benefits: A large number of benefits can be achieved by both the patients and the healthcare sectors if they continue their updates and record maintenance on the internet. It is suggested that the portal will have a detailed record of the patients which can be viewed by the doctors and other associated caregivers who may provide valuable advice and guidance to the patient (Huckvale et al., 2015). Even if the patient travels interstate, he does not have to carry documents making it accessible from anywhere in the country (Almond, Cummings Turner, 2016). Moreover the person can also control who can see it. This ultimately helps in improving the safety as the doctors can readily access the information in case of any sort of emergency. Another benefit it has on patients is that they do not have to repeat their medical history, disease or disorder states, result dates and many others every time they change doctors. It also helps the patients for personal remembrance also like that of their childre ns immunizations, medical tests and others (Scott et al., 2016). Another benefit of this application is that it will have a very strong security system which will help to maintain privacy and confidentiality about the patients. Conclusion: Therefore, the government has to clearly assess the problem, capabilities as well as the benefits that each and every stakeholder will face on the introduction of the new application called the My Health Record. If eminent researchers and policy maker along with the different app developer work accordingly to overcome the problems, enhance their capabilities and increase the benefits of the health record, the noble initiative will definitely succeed in its mission to create a system where government can reduce financial burden on patients and also develop an overall monitoring bodies of healthcare system in Australia. References: Almond, H., Cummings, E., Turner, P. (2016, August). Avoiding Failure for Australias Digital Health Record: The Findings from a Rural E-Health Participatory Research Project. InDigital Health Innovation for Consumers, Clinicians, Connectivity and Community: Selected Papers from the 24th Australian National Health Informatics Conference (HIC 2016)(Vol. 227, p. 8). IOS Press. BinDhim, N. F., Hawkey, A., Trevena, L. (2015). A systematic review of quality assessment methods for smartphone health apps.Telemedicine and e-Health,21(2), 97-104. Chow, C. K., Ariyarathna, N., Islam, S. M. S., Thiagalingam, A., Redfern, J. (2016). mHealth in cardiovascular health care.Heart, Lung and Circulation,25(8), 802-807. Hemsley, B., McCarthy, S., Adams, N., Georgiou, A., Hill, S., Balandin, S. (2017). Legal, ethical, and rights issues in the adoption and use of the My Health Record by people with communication disability in Australia.Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, 1-9. Huckvale, K., Prieto, J. T., Tilney, M., Benghozi, P. J., Car, J. (2015). Unaddressed privacy risks in accredited health and wellness apps: a cross-sectional systematic assessment.BMC medicine,13(1), 214. Kraan, C. W., Piggott, J. J. H., van der Vegt, F., Wisse, L. (2015). Personal Health Records: Solving barriers to enhance adoption. Miyamoto, S. W., Henderson, S., Young, H. M., Pande, A., Han, J. J. (2016). Tracking health data is not enough: A qualitative exploration of the role of healthcare partnerships and mhealth technology to promote physical activity and to sustain behavior change.JMIR mHealth and uHealth,4(1). Neubeck, L., Coorey, G., Peiris, D., Mulley, J., Heeley, E., Hersch, F., Redfern, J. (2016). Development of an integrated e-health tool for people with, or at high risk of, cardiovascular disease: The Consumer Navigation of Electronic Cardiovascular Tools (CONNECT) web application.International journal of medical informatics,96, 24-37. Neubeck, L., Lowres, N., Benjamin, E. J., Freedman, S. B., Coorey, G., Redfern, J. (2015). The mobile revolution [mdash] using smartphone apps to prevent cardiovascular disease.Nature Reviews Cardiology,12(6), 350-360. Scott, K. M., Gome, G. A., Richards, D., Caldwell, P. H. (2015). How trustworthy are apps for maternal and child health?.Health and Technology,4(4), 329-336.